NEWS:

• Version 0.50 is underway! Adds riscv32 and riscv32-imc, optimize mips16/micromips/thumb/thumb2
• I released version 0.49 on 25 May 2017. Adds riscv64, riscv64-imc, micromips, and full mips16 support.
• I released version 0.48 on 19 May 2017. It has major improvements in SPARC and m68k optimizations. It adds COSMAC 1802 support.
• I released version 0.47 on 4 October 2013. It adds arm64 support.
• I released version 0.46 on 20 January 2013. It re-optimizes ARM and THUMB support, adds THUMB2 support, and partial implementations of 65c816 and MIPS16.
• I released version 0.45 on 9 November 2010. It improves z80 support and has the start of 8051 support.

BACKGROUND:

DOWNLOADS:

• Get the source package (includes pre-compiled binaries): ll_asm-0.49.tar.gz (611k)
• Get the current git development tree:

  git clone https://github.com/deater/ll_asm.git
  

PUBLICATIONS ABOUT ll:

• V.M. Weaver. "ll: Exploring the Limits of Code Density", Tech Report with Newest Results, 25 May 2017. (pdf)
• V.M. Weaver, S.A. McKee. "Code Density Concerns for New Architectures", 27th IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD 2009), Lake Tahoe, California, October 2009. ( pdf )
• Poster from ASPLOS 2009 : asplos09_poster.pdf (93kB)

DOCUMENTATION:

• Read the README.
• Read the CHANGES file.
• Read the Frequently Asked Questions.
• Read why I use the "gas" assembler.
• Read my HOWTO-multiarch-asm writeup.

• Read the Alpha assembly source.
• Read the ARM EABI assembly source.
• Read the ARM THUMB assembly source.
• Read the ARM THUMB2 assembly source.
• Read the ARM64 assembly source.
• Read the avr32 assembly source.
• Read the Crisv32 assembly source.
• Read the hppa risc assembly source.
• Read the ia64 assembly source.
• Read the m68k assembly source.
• Read the microblaze assembly source.
• Read the mips assembly source.
• Read the mips16 assembly source.
• Read the micromips assembly source.
• Read the ppc assembly source.
• Read the riscv64-im assembly source.
• Read the riscv64-imc compressed assembly source.
• Read the s390 assembly source.
• Read the sh3 assembly source.
• Read the sparc assembly source.
• Read the vax assembly source.
• Read the x86 assembly source.
• Read the x86_64 assembly source.

• Read the m88k OpenBSD assembly source.
• Read the PDP-11 source for a PDP-11 running UNIX v7.

• Read the 1802 source for the RCA Cosmac ELF
• Read the 6502 source for the Apple ][
• Read the 8086 source for DOS
• Read the z80 source for CP/M
• Read the RiSC source for the research-only 16-bit RiSC archirecture

Total executable size:

Architecture Size 8086 780 bytes m68k 870 bytes pdp-11 890 bytes z80 891 bytes crisv32 905 bytes arm_thumb2 908 bytes avr32 914 bytes 1802 915 bytes arm_thumb 920 bytes vax 950 bytes riscv32-imc 961 bytes x86 968 bytes sh3 994 bytes x86_x32 1005 bytes riscv64-imc 1019 bytes x86_64 1027 bytes s390 1064 bytes arm64 1094 bytes mips16 1104 bytes riscv32-im 1125 bytes 6502 1130 bytes micromips 1147 bytes riscv64-im 1161 bytes arm eabi 1161 bytes PowerPC 1165 bytes SPARC 1221 bytes m88k 1240 bytes microblaze 1298 bytes MIPS 1314 bytes PA-RISC 1400 bytes RiSC 1418 bytes alpha 1821 bytes itanium 2826 bytes

LZSS decompressor size:

Architecture Size 8086 56 bytes x86 57 bytes m68k 58 bytes x86_64 60 bytes crisv32 66 bytes x86_x32 66 bytes arm_thumb2 68 bytes vax 69 bytes arm_thumb 70 bytes sh3 76 bytes 1802 80 bytes avr32 80 bytes micromips 80 bytes riscv64-imc 84 bytes riscv32-imc 84 bytes mips16 90 bytes arm64 96 bytes z80 96 bytes pdp-11 108 bytes PowerPC 108 bytes arm eabi 108 bytes riscv64-im 116 bytes riscv32-im 116 bytes s390 122 bytes m88k 128 bytes SPARC 128 bytes 6502 134 bytes microblaze 136 bytes MIPS 148 bytes PA-RISC 152 bytes alpha 224 bytes itanium 272 bytes RiSC 316 bytes

strcat (or more accurately, stpcpy) size:

Architecture Size 1802 8 bytes 8086 8 bytes z80 8 bytes pdp-11 8 bytes m68k 8 bytes x86 8 bytes vax 8 bytes x86_x32 9 bytes x86_64 9 bytes crisv32 10 bytes s390 12 bytes avr32 12 bytes micromips 14 bytes mips16 14 bytes sh3 14 bytes arm_thumb2 18 bytes arm_thumb 18 bytes riscv64-imc 18 bytes riscv32-imc 18 bytes arm64 20 bytes PowerPC 24 bytes arm eabi 24 bytes 6502 27 bytes riscv64-im 28 bytes riscv32-im 28 bytes microblaze 28 bytes m88k 28 bytes PA-RISC 28 bytes MIPS 28 bytes SPARC 28 bytes alpha 56 bytes itanium 64 bytes RiSC 200 bytes

• alpha: "bmul", our dual 21264. Also original thanks to the (now defunct) Compaq testdrive.
• arm, thumb, thumb2: my gumstix beagleboard, pandaboard, and sheeva brick.
• arm64: armv8 foundation model simulator
• avr32: I have an Atmel NGW100.
• crisv32: I used qemu.
• ia64: "itanium", our creatively named ia64 machines. Also, original thanks to the (now defunct) Compaq testdrive.
• m68k: the aranym emulator, emulating an Atari running Linux. Recent qemu also supports it.
• microblaze: qemu.
• mips: "perugina" and "hershey" which are an SGI Indy and an SGI Octane.
• mipsel: my WRT54GL router.
• mips16, micromips: qemu
• parisc: "feodora", an HP-PARISC machine we have at work.
• ppc: "henparma" my 2001 iBook.
• riscv32/64, riscv32-imc/64-imc: qemu
• s390: the Hercules emulator. Also, originally thanks to IBM zSeries Testdrive
• sh3: qemu-sh4, and eventually on a dreamcast.
• sparc: "valor" a 24 processor niagara server we had at work, "carnivore" an old UltraSPARC
• vax: simh simulator.
• x86: "hal" my aging K6-2+ FIC PA-2007 machine, among others.
• x86_64: domori cluster at work, and venchi the Phenom machine.

• 1802: I have an 1802 Membership card, also used the elf emulaor.
• 6502: I have a few Apple II machines, but most development was done on the yae emulator. (Screenshot)
• 65c816: I used various SNES emulators.
• 8086: I used the DOSBOX simulator. (Screenshot)
• m88k: Used the GXemul simulator
• pdp-11: Used the simh simulator. (Screenshot)
• RiSC: Used my own RiSC toolchain and simulator (RiSC_tools-0.0.2.tar.gz)
• z80: Used the Yaze simulator (Screenshot)

Yet to come:

• Non Linux: amd29k, ARC, att92k (crisp/hobbit), Renasas RX, 65c816, TI-990, CDC6600, 8051, TI-MSP430, Transputer, OISC, Burroughs B6500, DG Nova, HC11, ia432, PDP-10, PDP-8, LC86k (Dreamcast VMU)
• All other known Linux architectures: ppc book VLE, sh4, blackfin, frv, h8300, i960, m32r, v850, xtensa, mn101, mn10300, s+core, trimedia, unicore32, tile, hexagon, c6

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